Trauma during pregnancy
Trauma and pregnancy can intersect in complex ways, and the experience of trauma during pregnancy or in the context of childbirth can have significant emotional and physical effects. Although women’s health from a perinatal lens has not been spoken about as in depth in the past, it is important to acknowledge the very common and natural intricacies of mental health and pregnancy.
Trauma may come from past experiences, such as childhood abuse, sexual assault, or exposure to violence, or it can occur during the pregnancy itself, such as through a difficult pregnancy or traumatic birth. When a person becomes pregnant, unresolved trauma can resurface, and the stress of pregnancy or labor may exacerbate emotional pain. For some, the physical vulnerability of pregnancy or the fear of childbirth can trigger feelings of helplessness or danger, especially for those with a history of trauma.
One of the most common ways trauma and pregnancy intersect is through the experience of birth trauma, which can involve medical complications, difficult labor, or a sense of loss of control during childbirth. This can lead to feelings of fear, shock, or powerlessness, which may cause or worsen anxiety, depression, or PTSD. For individuals with a history of trauma, the experience of giving birth may bring up memories of past abuse or neglect, leading to emotional distress or difficulties bonding with the baby. These triggers can make it harder for the person to process the birth experience or to feel safe in the postpartum period.
Additionally, trauma can influence a person's ability to access prenatal care or feel supported throughout their pregnancy. For example, a person who has experienced trauma might struggle with trusting healthcare providers, especially if they have had negative or harmful experiences in the past. This lack of trust can lead to avoidance of medical appointments or not seeking help when complications arise, which can increase the risk of health issues for both the parent and baby. Some people may also experience heightened anxiety or fear about their baby’s health, particularly if the trauma is related to loss or harm.
On a biological level, trauma can also affect the body’s stress response, influencing pregnancy outcomes. The stress hormones released in response to trauma can impact pregnancy, leading to complications such as preterm birth, low birth weight, or high blood pressure. From a healthcare lens, it is important for providers to be aware of the potential for trauma during pregnancy, as providing trauma-informed care—ensuring that the person feels safe, respected, and supported—can reduce the emotional and physical impacts of trauma and help foster a healthier pregnancy and postpartum experience. From a client lens, it is important to seek help if you are struggling with any mental health challenges related to pregnancy – you are not alone.
Seng, J. S., Low, L. K., & Sperlich, M. (2013). Trauma and pregnancy: A review of the literature and its implications for maternal and infant health. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 42(3), 411-423.
Goldblatt, H., & Holmes, W. (2011). The psychological impact of trauma on the prenatal and perinatal period: Implications for intervention. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 18(1), 1-12.
Koenen, K. C., Moffitt, T. E., Poulton, R., Martin, J., & Caspi, A. (2007). Early life stress and the development of depression and anxiety in adolescence: A prospective study. Psychological Medicine, 37(3), 415-426.*
